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| The Queen Anne Style Architecture |
The peak period of the
Queen Anne style was 1880–1900, although the
style persisted for another decade. The style was named and popularized
in England by the architect Richard Norman Shaw (1831-1912) and his
followers. The term inaccurately implies aesthetic ideas from the reign
of Queen Anne (1702-1714). However, its language was actually based on
much earlier English buildings, mainly those constructed during the
Elizabethan and Jacobean eras (Elizabeth I reigned 1558–1603; James I,
1603–1625). In 1874–75, the first important expression of the style by
an American architect rose in Newport, Rhode Island, when H.H.
Richardson designed the Watts-Sherman house. But many Americans first
saw the Queen Anne style at the Philadelphia Centennial in 1875, where
the British government built several houses in that style.
As with other ornate
Victorian-era architecture, Queen Anne found its
most complete expression in detached homes that showcased its
sculptural shapes and ornamented skin. These houses were typically built
of wood, allowing the designer unfettered artistic expression in the
patterns and details that define the style. Bold and unconventional
color schemes were also a Queen Anne trait, of which San Francisco's
famous Painted Ladies are an example. The decorative details on most
Queen Annes in Washington and other large eastern cities tended to be
more subdued because of the urban preference for patterned brick and
carved stone. Thanks to a building boom during the later nineteenth
century, many Queen Anne town houses were built in Washington, and
fortunately, many of those buildings survive today. Round towers and
broad decorative gables, as well as elaborate Queen Anne chimneys,
dormers , and windows are showcased on homes in Capitol Hill,
Georgetown, Dupont Circle, and elsewhere. There is a wonderful detached
Queen Anne home at 36th Street NW on Macomb Street, N.W., and another at
3035 Newark Street, N.W., in the Cleveland Park area.
The historic district around West Montgomery Avenue in Rockville,
Maryland, boasts excellent examples of detached Queen Anne homes sited
on generous lots.
Characteristics
Eclecticism, asymmetry, contrast, and even excess, were the hallmarks of
the Queen Anne style. Every building sported a variety of surface
textures. Elaborate motifs decorated gables, spandrel panels and,
indeed, almost any flat surface. Newark Street NW in Cleveland Park
features many highly decorative examples.
Materials
The Queen Anne look was achieved in a variety of ways with an array of
materials that included patterned brick or stone, wood shingles and
clapboard, slate, occasionally stucco, and sometimes, terracotta panels.
Decorative stone panels were frequently set into the wall, as were
custom-molded and colored bricks, allowing some variation and detailing.
Wood buildings could assume the full range of color and design with
paint.
Roof
Steeply pitched and complex, Queen Anne roofs provided visual interest
and variety with gables, dormers, and turrets or towers, often all in
one roof.
Towers
Queen Anne towers—square, round, or polygonal—were a favorite feature
among architects designing Queen Anne homes. Sometimes instead of a
tower, a turret, supported by a corbel, projected from the second floor.
The towers and turrets were capped with a conical, tent, domed, or
other artfully shaped roof and finished off with slate shingles and a
copper finial ornament.
Windows
Typically, Queen Anne homes were embellished with bay windows and
oriels; sometimes the latter was part of a turret. Window surrounds
were, as a rule, simple. Lower window sashes usually had only a single
pane of glass. The upper sash may have followed suit, although it was
frequently multi-paned or framed by small square panes. More elaborate
window sashes featured stained glass in the upper portion of a
double-hung window or in a transom.
Curved glass is a unique Queen Anne detail, occasionally found in round bays and towers.
Entrance
Single-story, wrap-around porches were essential to detached Queen Anne
style homes. Frequently, the porch was framed by decorative columns,
brackets, or applied ornament. In urban areas, town houses often
featured a second-story porch, sometimes recessed into gables or towers.
Several good examples of upper-level porches can be found on town
houses along the 600 block of East Capitol Street N.E. on Capitol Hill.
Doors may have delicately carved decorations surrounding a single large pane set into the upper portion of the door.